James Madison’s Religion reveals how Madison’s private convictions shaped America’s public liberty. Drawing on letters, debates, and overlooked manuscripts, it traces his journey from Anglican Virginia and Presbyterian schooling through Enlightenment influence to the Constitutional Convention, showing how his conscience-first philosophy became the blueprint for the First Amendment. Madison saw pluralism as strength and state control of religion as a path to oppression. Blending biography, intellectual history, and political analysis, the book explores his debates with Jefferson and Hamilton, why the amendment’s wording mattered, and how his “theology of liberty” still informs today’s fights over belief, speech, and the public square.